Air purifier

Air purifier - An air purifier is a device which removes contaminants from the air. These devices are commonly marketed as beneficial for people suffering from allergies and asthma, and reduce or eliminate tobacco smoke. Air purifiers commercial quality are manufactured either as small autonomous units or larger units that can be attached to the air handling unit (CTA) or HVAC units found in the medical industry, industrial and commercial.

Use and benefits of purifiers

Dust, pollen, pet dander, mold spores and dust mite feces can act as allergens, causing allergies in sensitive individuals. Smoke particles and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can pose a risk to health. Exposure to various components such as VOCs increases the likelihood of experiencing symptoms of sick building syndrome.  In addition, with the advancement of technology [unintelligible], air purifiers are becoming increasingly capable of capturing more bacteria, viruses and DNA damaging particles [citation needed] The purifiers air are used to reduce the concentration of contaminants in the air and can be beneficial for people who suffer from allergies and asthma ..

Purify technical

    Germs ultraviolet irradiation - UVGI can be used to sterilize the air that passes through the UV lamps forced air. Air purification systems can be independent units UVGI with UV lamps shielded using a fan to force air past the UV light. Other systems are installed in forced air systems so that traffic moving when micro-organisms through the lights. The key to this form of sterilization is placement of the UV lamps and a good filtration system to remove micro-organisms die. For example, forced air systems by design impede line of sight, thus creating the environment that will be shaded against UV rays. However, the UV lamp is placed in the coil and the cooling system will drainpan microorganisms to form in damp course. The most effective method for treatment of the air coil is online, the conduit system, the system is placed in the middle of the track and parallel to the air flow.

    Filter - traps based purification of airborne particles by size exclusion. Air is forced through the filter and the particles are captured by the filter physically.

    HEPA filters remove at least 99.97% of particles 0.3 microns and generally more effective for larger particles. HEPA purifiers which filter all incoming air in a clean room should be arranged so that the air passes through a HEPA filter. In dusty environments, a HEPA filter may follow easy to clean classic (pre-filter) which removes coarse dirt so that the HEPA filter should be cleaned or replaced less frequently. HEPA filters do not generate ozone or harmful byproducts.

    HVAC filter MERV 14 rating or above to eliminate airborne particles 0.3 microns or larger. High MERV 14 filter has a capture rate of at least 75% of the particles between 0.3 to 1.0 micrometers. Despite the arrest rate is lower than MERV filters with HEPA filters, central air conditioning system can move much more air in the same period. Using high quality MERV filter can be more effective than the use of a high-powered HEPA machine at a fraction of the initial investment. Unfortunately, most of the furnace filters slid into place without a seal, which allows air to pass through the filter. The problem is worse for high efficiency MERV filters because of the increased air resistance. High efficiency MERV filters are usually denser and increase air resistance in the central system, which requires a reduction in air pressure above and rising energy costs accordingly.

    The activated carbon is a porous material that can absorb volatile chemicals that are molecularly, but do not eliminate the larger particles. Adsorption process for the use of activated carbon must reach equilibrium so that it can be difficult to completely eliminate contaminants.  The activated carbon is the process of changing contaminants from the gas phase to the solid phase, where contaminants may be disturbed or aggravated regenerated in indoor air sources . Activated charcoal may be used at room temperature and has a long history of commercial use. It is generally used in conjunction with other filter technology, especially with HEPA. Other materials can also absorb chemicals, but with higher costs.

    Polarized-Media Electronic Air Filters actively using electronic media improved to incorporate elements of crossover both mechanical and electronic air cleaners. Most Polarized-Media Electronic Air Filters convert the DC 24-volt safety voltage to create an electric field polarized. Suspended particles are polarized as they pass through an electric field and adhere to the fiber media pad wear. Ultra-fine particles (UFPS) were not collected on their initial pass through the buffer polarized media and other particles clumping, odor and VOC molecules and collected the next trajectory. Media-polarized efficiency electronic air filters increases as the load, ensure high efficiency filtration with air resistance is generally at or below the crossover. Polarized media technology is non-ionizing which means no Ozone is produced.

    Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) is a new technology in the HVAC industry.  In addition to the prospect of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) benefits, has added the ability to limit the entry of unconditioned air into the building, thus offering the possibility of energy savings compared to previous prescriptive models. In May 2009,   no concerns raised by more questionable data Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory that PCO may significantly increase the amount of formaldehyde in real indoor environments.  Like other technologies, the principles of good governance that will be used by the designer for HVAC ensure the proper application of technology. Photocatalytic oxidation system can completely oxidize and degrade organic contaminants. For example, volatile organic compounds, low concentrations of a few hundred ppmv or less are more likely to actually oxidized.  (PCO) used for short-wave ultraviolet light (UV-C), commonly used for sterilization, to feed the catalyst (usually titanium dioxide (TiO2) [9]) and oxidizing bacteria and viruses . BCP led units can be mounted to a forced air system HVAC. BCP is not filtering technology, because it does not trap or remove particles. It is sometimes associated with other filtering technologies for air purification. UV sterilization lamp should be replaced once a year, manufacturers may require periodic replacement as the warranty conditions. Photocatalytic oxidation systems often have high commercial costs.

    Ionizer purifiers use electrical or charged surfaces of the needles of generating air or electrically charged gas ions. Ions attach to airborne particles are then electrostatically attracted to a charged collector plates. This mechanism produces trace amounts of ozone and other oxidants as by-products  Most ionizers produce less than 0.05 ppm ozone, industrial safety standards .. There are two major subdivisions: the fanless ionizer fan-based ionizer. Ionizers are noiseless and use little energy fan, but the air purification less effective. Fan-based ionizers clean and distribute air more quickly. Permanently installed in the house and industrial purifier called electrostatic dust.

    Ozone generators produce ozone, and is sometimes sold as any air purifier home. Unlike ionizers, ozone generators are designed to produce large amounts of ozone, a strong oxidant gas which can oxidize other chemicals. Use only shielded from ozone generator in unoccupied rooms, using a shock treatment "" commercial ozone generators that produce over 3000 mg of ozone per hour. Restoration contractors use this type ozone generators to remove smoke odors after fire damage, musty smells after flooding, mold (including toxic molds), and odors caused by decaying flesh which can not be removed by bleach or anything else except for ozone. However, it is not healthy to breathe ozone gas, and should be cautious when buying an air purifier that also produces ozone.

    Titanium dioxide (TiO2) technology - TiO2 nanoparticles and the calcium carbonate to neutralize the acid gas that can be absorbed in the mixed paint a little porous. Photocatalysis initiate decomposition of the contaminants of the air at the surface

Bio-artificial liver device

Bio-artificial liver device - The purpose of BAL-type device, this time, not permanently replace the function of the liver, but to serve as a support device , both allow the liver to regenerate in acute liver failure or to meet the individual liver functions until a transplant is possible.

Function

Bals essentially bioreactors with hepatocytes (liver cells embedded) performing normal hepatic function. They treat the plasma oxygenated blood, which is separated from other blood components  Several types of Bals are being developed, including a system of hollow fiber and flat sheet membrane system ..
Hollow fiber system

A similar type system BAL kidney dialysis using hollow fiber cartridge. Hepatocytes suspended in a gel solution, such as collagen, which is injected into a series of hollow fibers. In the case of collagen, the suspension was then gel fibers, usually with changes in temperature. Hepatocytes then signed their attachment gel with a collagen matrix, which reduces the volume of the suspension and to create a flow through the fibers. Nutrition media flow through the fiber to maintain the cells. During use, the plasma removed from the patient's blood. Plasma of patients included in the space surrounding the fiber. Fibers, which consists of a semipermeable membrane, which facilitates the transfer of toxins, nutrients and other chemicals between the blood and the cells are suspended. These membranes also allows the body's immunity, such as immunoglobulins, pass into cells to avoid immune rejection.
Comparison with the kidney dialysis

The advantage of using BAL, other dialysis device type (kidney dialysis, for example), is that the metabolic functions (such as plasma lipid and lipoprotein synthesis, regulation of homeostasis carbohydrate production of serum albumin and clotting factors, etc.), in addition to detoxification, may be reproduced without using multiple devices. Although there are several BAL devices currently in clinical trials.

A series of studies in 2004 showed that the mortality reduction by BAL approximately half of the cases of acute liver failure . The study, which included 171 patients in the United States and Europe, compared to standard care supporting the use of bioreactor cells from pig liver.

Membrane oxygenator is a device

Membrane oxygenator - A membrane oxygenator is a device used to add oxygen to and remove carbon dioxide from the blood. It can be used in two main ways: to mimic the function of the lungs in cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and oxygenate the blood in maintaining the long-term life, called extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ECMO. A membrane oxygenator is a thin membrane permeable to gases between blood and gas flow in the CPB circuit, oxygen diffuses from the blood gas, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the exhaust gases.

History
The history of the oxygenator, or artificial lung, dates back to 1885, with the first demonstration of a disc oxygenator, in which the blood is exposed to the atmosphere on rotating discs by von Frey and Gruber  is a pioneer noted the danger of blood, foam and freezing. In the 1920s and 30s, research in the ongoing development extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Work independently, in the Soviet Union Brukhonenko John Heysham Gibbon and the United States has demonstrated the feasibility of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Brukhonenko with dog lungs using a cutting drum while Gibbon oxygenator type of direct contact, cats infusion up to 25 minutes in 1930

Gibbon praised the pioneering work in May 1953 with the first successful bypass surgery cardiopulmonary . Oxygenator is a type of film strip, where the films exposed to oxygen of the blood as it flows through a series of stainless steel plates.

The disadvantage of direct contact between blood and air were well known, and less traumatic membrane oxygenator has been developed to respond. Membrane artificial lungs first demonstrated in 1955 by a group led by Willem Kolff  and in 1956, the first membrane oxygenator disposable eliminated the need for time to clean before reuse . The patent was filed as Kolff believes that doctors should make technology accessible to all, without thinking about profit. [Citation needed]

The lungs are made early use of relatively impermeable polyethylene or Teflon membrane homogeneous, and it took more than a membrane permeable silicone rubber was introduced in 1960 (and a hollow fiber in 1971) that the oxygenator membrane commercial success  . The introduction of microporous hollow fibers with an extremely low resistance to mass transfer revolutionize the design of the membrane module as a limiting factor in the performance of a blood oxygenator resistance . Latest design of the oxygenator typically use extraluminal flow regime, in which the blood flows from the hollow fiber filled with gas, to support life in the short term, while the homogeneous membrane approved for long term use .

Heart rate monitor

Heart rate monitor - A heart rate monitor is a personal monitoring device for measuring heart rate in real time or record your heart rate during the study later. It is mainly used by players of different types of exercise.

History

Early models consisted of the control box with a set of electrode son attached to the chest. The first heart rate monitor wireless ECG was created in 1977 as a training aid for the national teams of Finnish skiing Cross and the "intensity training" has become a popular concept in athletic circles in the middle 80s, retail sales of wireless personal heart monitors started from 1983 Bui-Cac.
Composition

Modern heart rate monitors usually consist of two elements: a chest strap transmitter and wrist receiver or mobile phone (which is usually used as a watch or a phone). In early plastic straps water or liquid is required for good performance. Later units have used conductive smart fabric with built-in microprocessors which analyze the EKG signal to determine heart rate.

Strapless heart rate monitors now allows the user to just touch two sensors on the screen shows for a few seconds to view their heart rate. It is popular for its convenience and ease of use, even if they do not provide as much detail as monitors which use a chest strap.

The most advanced models provide measures of heart rate variability, activity and breathing rate to assess parameters related to the installation concerned. Sensor fusion algorithms allow these monitors for sensing the base temperature and dehydration

Another style of heart rate monitor replaces the plastic around-chest strap with fabric sensors - the most common are sports bras for women which includes sensors in the fabric.

In the old version, when the pulse is detected, a signal is transmitted, the receiver is used to determine the instantaneous heart rate. This signal can be an impulse radio single or a unique coded signal from the chest strap (such as Bluetooth, ANT, or a low-power radio link), it prevents the receiver from a user using signals from other nearby transmitters (known as crosstalk interference).

The new versions include a microprocessor that continuously monitors the ECG and heart rate calculators, and other parameters. This may include an accelerometer that can detect speed and distance eliminating the need for a device worn feet.

There are a number of types of receiver design, with different characteristics. These include average heart rate during the exercise period, time in a specific heart rate zone, calories burned, breathing rate, high-speed and distance, and detailed logging that can be downloaded to a computer.

Diet Plan Tips and Guides

Diet Plan Tips and Guides - For the general population, the issue of 'diet plan calories, give up your favorite foods, including shade and disturbances all purposes, with the intention of covering the whole of life. In order to for years, covering diet is founded upon the rejection. Obstruct the intake and it was so much intake, this intake on your behalf, on behalf of or with the intention of attacking, and with bad intentions, set up or cooked with the intent of the way.

For some there was a lecture at the base of the resistance, if forgiveness? 've Got to include intake of half your kingdom, and brought them to shake the idea of ??the site with the intention of you need to adjust the mode of life, than you need to plug in the intake covers and have started or whether he loves you the way here. Where your income to decline include the physical a few things that are used for the intake.

There is the tradition error, as he speaks to the denial of livelihood and for many of the things that are to be like, to give into temptation does not contain the name of the old questions of major fault. Rejection of no power in the last few minutes as long as the language strategy.

Food ideas for concession? Change and influence. Difference is sandwiched between 'I can not possibly cover a cake' and 'I can cover the cake on special occasions, but a single individual piece. "PIONEER is negative, which in turn authorized. Changing your behavior - have a piece of cake by the individual only significantly so when a significantly smaller meals rather than a single fat, chewing nuts or fruit in place a strong, expensive, is the basis of the idea of ??the diet religiously. Authority to keep your diet is the idea of ??forgiveness? 'll make that effort.

So how will he cope with the food plan?

First of all, you want to make a little journey beginning to go to that. Passengers are not to go in the name of sweeping reforms that's no more sugar 'or' every day 'to eat SALAD, to save you, it is the only one of the rare people that pay the biggest bomb a bad cold the departure of the convention. Instead he died in the name of things like eating 2 salads a week ',' only to have been a waste to eat two times a week "or" only includes one slice of bacon with breakfast. " Make you perfect in the borders of these could be a number of weeks and not one of the days a little.

Select a replacement to begin with. Did you know that it would be be easy or difficult it was done with one mind to the greatest elements. Begin with an instant replacement in your diet. Perhaps blighted by pioneers and feel funny for while, but stick with it. A little practice will become part of his character. When this happens, so that afterwards age.

We build on the idea of ??gradual change in your diet and lifestyle to make a replacement can be eternal purpose. Instead of getting a diet see-saw because it was fast and quickly acquiring a lot of power behind the whole thing, you will be able to lose the power of progressive and permanent rancid.

You will improve performance if you move to stress the idea of ??a diet swagger back. This means your body will burn more calories when you change your intake habits.



But to make fit and change your life as you are saying, and do anything you can. You want to be a suitable power for your enjoying the life as much as He has promised. Making significant, affecting the physical object, given all.

The difference between the symptoms of fever and cold food

The difference between the symptoms of fever and cold food - Many symptoms are fever (also called allergic rhinitis) regularly. Fever is caused by a food allergen to the body reacts to the establishment by the inflammation of the lining of the nasal cavity. Inflammation is part of the cover body parallel to the invaders. All of these symptoms are the result of the body's fever is difficult to blow up not just an "attack" by allergens.

Because of the fever caused by the result of the body to attack, can often resemble the common cold unexceptional. However, some differences in the area connecting the two conditions.

The most visible difference between a fever and a runny nose cold. Hayfever both nose and cold causes the liquid, but your nose when you're dealing with a fever leaves straighten things out of a liquid on the cloth. When you let a cold, your nose will release yellowish or sometimes no training.

Fever is a significant difference between the two - the fever does not cause fever, but in all colds allow slight fever.

Maybe all the important distinction to support some common symptoms of hayfever binding and final cold to cold. The symptoms of flu will remain until five to seven days, and then established. The symptoms of fever maintain long you are exposed to allergens. Allows for many common seasonal allergies, people who face a month-long "cold" may not really know the symptoms of a fever.

Treatment for cold and fever support thus related. Symptoms of both can be treated with over the counter medications to support congestion, although hayfever better meet after antihistamines, congestion standard drug. Spartan for allergies, your doctor may prescribe stronger medication, so if more than drug-cons are not selected, try to talk to your doctor about can you repeat that?

Health benefits, you're agreeing increasing age

Health benefits, you're agreeing increasing age - Most people are worried about old age is more attractive because of its appearance and movement of ideas that parents synonymous with "sick" word. But age does not always go bad and even offers a variety of health benefits.

When parents age, someone thinks would be more mature and avoid stress these things. So do not be surprised if a large number of middle-aged people reported that their quality of life improved and happier.

Here are six health benefits that you can gain with age, among others:

1. Rarely flu
Compared to when you were a child or a teenager, you seldom flu at the age of age. Person's immune system is weakened by age, but research shows that the body is even more powerful in the fight against infection at the age of 30-40 years.

Over time, the body will store more types of different antibodies. Years later, when you're new influenza virus similar antibodies is a powerful tool to prevent recurrent infections.

2. Endurance is primed
A study shows that a woman's body reaches peak fitness at the age of 35 years. "Women have the ability to maintain the fuel of the body, especially fat very effective," wrote Pamela Peeke, MD, in his book "Body For Life For Women.

So it is not surprising that so many runners who have achieved success at a young age is no more. This is because mentally healthy in old age, which makes the body more excellent stamina.

3. High sexual satisfaction
Shift the balance of hormones when someone was in her early 40s
years, can actually increase sexual desire and the ability to have an orgasm. In addition, the body will feel more comfortable making love and trust more the pair, so as to promote sexual satisfaction.

According to the survey, only 61 percent of women aged 18 to 24 who have had an orgasm during their last sexual intercourse. Compared to 65 percent of women in their 30s and 70 percent of women aged 40 to 50 years.

4. Require much less maintenance
When parents age, it is normal lines or wrinkles that appear on the face. But at an advanced age, require less maintenance ubuh you when you were young. The scalp of the person to produce less oil as you age, so hair is not easy to get dirty.

The rate of hair growth may also decrease because estrogen levels are low ore, so that you do not need a haircut as often. Hormone levels more stable also makes women avoid acne problems in the elderly.

5. The stress level
At a young age, a person will be filled with anxiety such as salary, work environment, cost of living, family, school fees and so on, where there is no longer cause anxiety in ancient times.

Aging makes a person more easily experience the joy of escaping the responsibility of caring for children who have grown up, the work that has been put in place, trust and loyalty partners will.

6. The increase in mental abilities
Obviously, the higher the age, it will be more forgetful, but a new study shows that some mental abilities can be improved when a person reaches middle age. This is known as "neuroplasticity," the ability to learn from the experience of life.

Studies have shown that we begin to use both sides of the brain to manage routine tasks, making it easier to solve the problem, which could explain why someone age 40 to 50 years had higher scores on cognitive tests

Medical ultrasonography

Medical ultrasonography - Typical ultrasound diagnostic scanners operate in the frequency range of 2-18 MHz, although frequencies up to 50-100 MHz has been used experimentally in a technique known as biomicroscopy in specific areas, such as room front of the eye. [Citation needed] The choice of frequency is a compromise between spatial resolution and imaging depth photo: lower frequencies produce less resolution but image deeper into the body. The sound waves of higher frequencies have wavelengths which are smaller and therefore capable of reflecting or scattering of small structures. The frequency of sound waves higher has a larger attenuation coefficient and thus more easily absorbed in the tissues, which limits the depth of penetration of the sound waves into the body.

Ultrasonography (ultrasound) are widely used in medicine. It is possible to perform the diagnostic and therapeutic, using ultrasound to guide interventional procedures (for example for a biopsy or drainage of fluid collections). Sonographers are professionals who perform scans are then generally interpreted by a radiologist, a physician who specializes in the application and interpretation of a variety of medical imaging modalities, or by Cardiologists in the case of cardiac ultrasound (echocardiography). Sonographers typically use hand-held probe (called a transducer) that is placed directly and moving patients. Increasingly, clinicians (physicians and other health professionals who provide direct patient care) to use ultrasound in their office and hospital practice, for efficiency, inexpensive imaging, diagnostic dynamic facilitate treatment planning, while avoiding exposure to ionizing radiation.

Effective body ultrasound imaging of soft tissue. Surface structures such as muscles, tendons, testes, mammary glands, thyroid and parathyroid and the neonatal brain are imaged at a higher frequency (7-18 MHz), which provides better axial and lateral resolution . Deeper structures such as the liver and kidney are imaged at a frequency of 1-6 MHz below the lower axial and lateral resolution, but penetration.

Produce sound waves
A sound wave is typically produced by a piezoelectric transducer encased in a housing which can take several forms. Strong, short electrical pulses from the ultrasonic transducer to the ring at the desired frequency. The frequency can be anywhere between 2 and 18 MHz. The sound is carried either by the shape of the transducer, a lens on the front of the transducer, or a complex set of control pulses of the machine ultrasonic scanning (beamforming). This orientation produces a sound wave in form of an arc of the transducer face. Wave propagates in the body and is developed to a desired depth.

Transducers older technology focusing the beam with lenses physical. Newer technology transducers use phased array techniques to enable ultrasound machine to change the direction and depth of field. Practically all piezoelectric transducers are made of ceramics.

Materials on the face of the transducer to enable the sound transmitted efficiently in the body (generally appears to be a rubber layer, in the form of impedance matching). In addition, water-based gel is placed between the patient's skin and the probe.

Sound waves partially reflected from the layers between different networks. More specifically, the sound is everywhere where there are density changes in the body: eg blood cells in blood plasma, small structures in organs, etc. Some of the reflections return to the transducer.

Home medical equipment

Home medical equipment - For most home medical equipment, which will be replaced by insurance, patients must have a doctor's prescription for the necessary equipment. Some equipment, such as oxygen, is regulated by the FDA and must be prescribed by a doctor before buying insurance is changed or vice versa.

Doctors may recommend a supplier for home medical equipment, or if the patient should do some research myself. HME / DMEPOS suppliers across the country.

There is no set standard size for HME / DMEPOS providers. Companies, including suppliers very large organization like Walgreens, Lincare and Apria for local small businesses operated by a single owner or family. A new trend in home medical equipment arena is the advent of Internet retailers that operate with very low margins and reducing costs for end customers elementary, but often without installation and internal training. [Citation needed] In all cases, however, strict rules and laws set suppliers HME / DMEPOS participants Medicare and Medicaid programs. In addition to the National Center Supplier rules, division of CMS (Center for Medicare and Medicaid), all providers of Medicare DME must obtain and maintain accreditation by an accreditation body approval number.

After the patient or caregiver to choose suppliers HME / DMEPOS appropriate, he / she presents to the supplier prescribing information and patient insurance. HME / DMEPOS suppliers to maintain product inventory and equipment, so that prescription fast delivery pharmacy.

Suppliers HME / DMEPOS obliged to perform certain functions in the provision of medical equipment at home. These include:

•     Good delivery and installation of equipment

•     Ensure proper and safe family environment for the proper use of equipment

•     Training patients, families and caregivers on the proper use and maintenance of equipment

•     Inform the patient and / or the rights and responsibilities of caregivers

•     Provide periodic maintenance (eg, maintenance of oxygen filling equipment, etc.)

All suppliers HME / DMEPOS must comply with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) to protect patient confidentiality and record

Insurance

Home medical equipment is usually covered by Medicare patients, including Medicare (Part B). In order to properly code for home equipment medical billing, public health procedure using HCPCS Coding. In 2007, according to the law of prescription drugs, the improvement and modernization of Medicare in 2003, a provider of HME / DMEPOS shall be third party certified to the standard set by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) to continue eligibility under Medicare Part B. This effort aims to standardize and improve the quality of patient care provided by the suppliers of medical equipment at home.

Emergency tourniquet cuff-like device

Emergency tourniquet cuff-like device

Emergency withers

Emergency tourniquet cuff-like device designed to stop a bleeding disorder before or during transport to a processing facility. They are wrapped around the limb, near the site of trauma and constrict blood vessels in all the congestion. Design and construction of emergency tourniquets allows quick application by the respondent or first aid injury. Use the right equipment has been proven to save lives withers under difficult conditions with a relatively low risk of injury. In field tests, the application prompts you before tourniquet emergency patients in shock associated with a higher survival rate than other scenarios where the turnstiles used later or not at all

Turnstile design

Existing guidelines include the use of makeshift "rope and stick" tourniquet as a last resort to stop severe bleeding. However, the purpose-made tourniquet devices that are well designed to ensure the safety and efficiency greatly improved . Variability in performance was demonstrated between the different models and methods of application.
Mechanical advantage

The mechanism that provides sufficient mechanical advantage is very important to apply sufficient pressure to stop bleeding, especially in the lower extremities. Occlude the venous blood pressure, but the flow can aggravate bleeding and damage to healthy tissue.

Pressure gradient

Under the pressure of the tourniquet cuff is uneven, with the high pressure cap is located around the center and decreases to zero near the edge of the cuff. A high level of pressure variation across a wide sleeve or cuff gradient at high pressure, a major cause of damage to the nerves and muscles of the use of a tourniquet. Turnstiles with wider straps or wrist, particularly those with a force different mechanical pneumatic actuation, distributes pressure more evenly and produces a low pressure gradient. They are more likely to stop the bleeding and less likely to cause damage to the underlying tissues, in addition to being much less painful than the turnstiles with narrow straps and band. Protection against overpressure in some emergency tourniquets also help prevent excessive force to damage the industry.

It is necessary

Despite widespread success tourniquet to limit the spread of war wounded, many preventable deaths bleeding when using traditional tourniquet inappropriate content. It is necessary to control bleeding junction, especially in the pelvic region. In 2012, the Combat Ready Clamp (Croc) selected by the U.S. Army Institute of Surgical Research (USAISR) for this purpose. Another requirement is that the training regime appears smoother and doctrine based on scientific evidence, which can ensure that future policies and practices withers in line with the current body of knowledge.